[5] Drew Desilver, Michael Lipka, and Dalia Fahmy, 10 things we know about race and policing in the U.S., Pew Research Center, June 3, 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/03/10-things-we-know-about-race-and-policing-in-the-u-s/ and Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Anna Brown, and Kiana Cox, Pew Research Center, April 9, 2019, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/. Timothy Carson (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 2019), 62. [19] In response to such liminal experiences, every effort should be made to not only understand these experiences, but also foster and develop the communitas necessary to help navigate and emerge from this liminality with better communal bonds, strong support, new opportunities, and a renewed hope in the future. Carson goes on to describe the liminal experience as, Feeling a loss of steady and familiar landmarks, the kind security that accompanied past structure, even as the future has not yet materialized. Once thought to be un-Jewish until new knowledge of Judaism became possible, the Lords Prayer was rediscovered as a primitive Jewish prayer simply because in Judaism they also refer to God as Father. This is now understood to be a basic ethical text, a guidance to the sublime life according to Gregory of Nyssa, and a summary of the Christian message. ', The BPA gets its news psychedelic news from the, 2021 BritishTranspersonalAssociation.org. Life is infinitely better for a large number of people (but not all) than it was 200 and even 100 years ago. [11] Michelle Trebilcock, Hope in a Dark Passage, in Neither Here nor There: The Many Voices of Liminality, ed. 1. Liminalty, in terms of social structure and time, is an intermediate Expand. The pedagogics of liminality represent a condemnation of some kinds of separation from the generic bond of communitas. By replacing fear with opportunity, liminality offers what I think to be a better way of approaching the future. [1] See Kim Parker, Rich Morin, and Juliana Menasce Horowitz, Looking to the Future, Public Sees an America in Decline on Many Fronts, Pew Research Center, March 21, 2019, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/03/21/public-sees-an-america-in-decline-on-many-fronts/; see Kim Parker, Rich Morin, and Juliana Menasce Horowitz, America in 2050, Pew Research Center, March 21, 2019, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/03/21/america-in-2050/. He tells us that we have lived with misinformation about psychedelics for over half a century already. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens, Perspectives on Politics, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714001595. Lundborg refers to the 1966 foreword Dr Timothy Leary wrote in his hallucinogenic interpretation of the ancient Tao Te Ching, in which Leary writes of the non-existent maps, models, myths, theories, languages in which the psychedelic experience could be explored and described. . Instead, its to prompt thought about why were pessimistic rather than optimistic when it comes to tackling these issues. Frankly, most of us lack the financial means and influence to control our own destinies (at least in a meaningful way). Global Change Research Program, Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/28/; NASA, Responding to Climate Change, https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/; and NASA, Is it too late to prevent climate change? https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/16/is-it-too-late-to-prevent-climate-change/, [3] Brian Stelter, Camps Are Cleared, but 99 Percent Still Occupies the Lexicon, New York Times, November 30, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/us/we-are-the-99-percent-joins-the-cultural-and-political-lexicon.html, [4] Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. As Dr. Schorsch states, The Torah is the foundation text of Judaism,(Sacred Cluster). But, with the assistance of an egalitarian community, liminality opens us toward possibility, opportunity, and hope. Lundborg says that this would have been a good plan if Leary and his people would have implemented it. 1.disengaement in which the individual is symbolically removed from society and Communitas differs from the camaraderie found often in everyday life, which, though informal and egalitarian, still falls within the general domain of structure, which may include interaction rituals.[16]. (LogOut/ The openness and ambiguity of the prayers petitions and wording, Religion is one of the most universal concepts found in human societies. [18] Covid-19 has also brought to light systemic racial issues that continue to make the future uncertain for Black Americans. 3099067 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited, Registered in England & Wales No. Whats key here is Turners term communitas. Liminality and Communitas 3 Liminality and 95 the passage is consummated. It is When I read the Bible that I am able to trust the validity of the text and know that it is not altered or based on interpretation. Liminality & Communitas. liminality. Liminality, in connection with communitas, provides an important means for navigating a world thats seemingly in constant transition and ambiguity. And in some cases, liminality causes involuntary and perpetual liminality when its separated from communitas. [To be continued in Liminality and Postmodernity], Note:Originally postedonliminaltheology.org. took an interest is the second phase of Van Gennep's model that of Practically speaking, those in the 99%[3] know that their futures are determined by a host of outside forces (political, financial, natural, etc.) Particularly so during the midst of the coronavirus pandemic, resulting in a fear for ones health and the health of loved ones, rising unemployment and financial concerns, and uncertainty regarding institutions that were stable in the past such as schools, colleges, and universities. At this point, evidence from multiple countries suggest that. . But today the sources of those fears, anxieties, and feelings of lacking control are strikingly different. Each individual has a sense of what its like to be the other, thus forging an equality not usually found in community. To be clear, I dont have the answers to these problems, nor am I suggesting that such answers are easy to find. Religion is a community of followers who believe in divine beings, or explanations of why things are a certain way. And, that the subsequent later psychedelic phases (1950-1963 and 1964-1980) show similar kinds of inconsistent, ad hoc intellectual frameworks.. A new reincorporation stage will have to be carefully designed. Studying our reactions to transition, searching within the mystery of the flux, and understanding the reasons for our fear of the future and the unknown, could be helpful for dealing with this insecurity and provide good ways of replacing our fear with hope. And presumably advances will only improve our ability to handle problems in the future. In 1963 Turner wrote about liminality in his book, The book for this month is Noumenautics by philosopher Peter Sjstedt-H. The boy must perform what is called a Mitzvot and in English this means a commandment and this is when they have to do a good deed for another individual and this is to show, As Victor Turner explains in his text Liminality and Communitas, the middle stage of a rite of passage is called liminality and this allows for people to see the lower side of that society and experience it first hand. Frankly, most of us lack the financial means and influence to control our own destinies (at least in a meaningful way). [13] Carson, Neither Here nor There, 10. [10] Carson, Neither Here nor There, 6. Anthropologist Victor Turner discovered the work of Gennep and became interested in the second phase of his model, liminality. [14] Turner, Liminality and Communitias, 76. At first glance, naming the reason for our collective nervousness and pessimism seems relatively simple. Turner distinguished between different types of communitas: existential or spontaneous, normative and ideological. [6] Thus, transition, change, and the uncomfortableness of being in-between (that is between an idealized past and unclear future) drive far too many toward people, policies, and ideals that promise a return to whats familiar, predictable, and safe. By replacing fear with opportunity, liminality offers what I think to be a better way of approaching the future. Though each religion is diverse they all have a sole persistence, which is to accentuate the importance of being virtuous and of living a moral lifestyle. Transition without moving forward means that well never reach that point of reintegration with ourselves and others. And presumably advances will only improve our ability to handle problems in the future. Thus, mitigating some of the anxiety that comes from lifes transitional nature (see part I). structure. The in-between, the space we occupy between the present and the future, offers both opportunity and failure. Communitas is spontaneous, immediate, concreteit is not shaped by norms, it is not institutionalized, it is not abstract. Sjstedt-H says It was the greatest thing that never happened in psychedelia., Sjstedt-H's book, Noumenautics, opens with, 'Due to the general legal prohibition and modern cultural taboo against psychoactive chemicals, the academic discipline of philosophy has left a potentially bounteous field of enquiry virtually unharvested. Liminalty, in terms of social structure and time, is an intermediate state of being "in between" in which individuals are striped from their usual identity and their constituting social differences while being on the verge of personal or social transformation. Conversely, Leary surrounded his concept of the psychedelic experience with a scaffold of Tibetan meditation and psychodynamic imprinting. These are things to consider as we traverse this liminal stage of psychedelics. Lundborg argues that useful cultural paradigms do not materialise because Psychedelia was seen as an attribute not the central object. To counteract this perspective, he proposed that rather than borrowing from the beliefs of mainstream religions or psychology to measure the experience, the experience itself should be the central focus, by which religion and psychology are measured. 501c3. Liminality has obvious ritualist implications, but beyond that are important social and cultural implications that help to paint a better picture of personal/social thresholds and transitions beyond the overtly ritualistic. The concept of liminality (from the Latin word limen, meaning "a threshold"), was first developed by Arnold van Gennep in his 1909 book, Rites de Passage, where he wrote about the existence of the rites of passage in all cultures. The late Patrick Lundborg, author of Psychedelia and Acid Archives, tells us that, despite rapid development in the research and study of psychedelics, there seemed to be a troubling lack of intellectual discussion regarding the psychedelic way of life. He points to the early days of psychedelic activity as displaying a lacklustre approach in creating a system of ideas and experiences. This model, separate from area of common living is 'communitas'. Consumerism, individualism, and cultural trends can create an inward focus, reinforcing a culture of safety and security. 3. One has entered an incubation period in which time shifts. Communitas suggests an important connection occurs through a shared liminal experience, one that bonds the community together in a way that goes beyond simple distinctions between sacred and secular. . and anti-structure. Turner also writes, Liminality, the optimal setting of communitas relations, and communitas, a spontaneously generated relationship between leveled and equal total and individuated human beings, stripped of structural attributes, together constitute what one might call anti-structure. Author Note:Thisessay will be part of a book currently in-progress. The neophyte in liminality must be a tabula rasa, a blank slate, on which is inscribed the knowledge and wisdom of the group, in those respects that pertain to the new status. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Liminality, with markers that help clarify transition and frames to settling within, can be a space for hope and opportunity. But in light of global instability, pessimism, and xenophobia, I think a study of transitions, engaging our collective fears and anxiety, is ultimately beneficial. Simply put, in a world thats growing increasingly unstable, a better sense of our own indeterminateness, in-betweenness, and transitioning might provide at least a glimmer of hopefulness and openness. Simply put, in a world thats growing increasingly unstable, a better sense of our own indeterminateness, in-betweenness, and transitioning might provide at least a glimmer of hopefulness and openness. culture. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/03/21/public-sees-an-america-in-decline-on-many-fronts/, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/03/21/america-in-2050/, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/28/, https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/, https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/16/is-it-too-late-to-prevent-climate-change/, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/us/we-are-the-99-percent-joins-the-cultural-and-political-lexicon.html, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714001595, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/03/10-things-we-know-about-race-and-policing-in-the-u-s/, https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/01/the-end-of-white-america/307208/, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/millennials-are-new-lost-generation/609832/, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/millennials-will-be-the-first-generation-to-earn-less-than-their-parents/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/09/04/a-majority-of-young-adults-in-the-u-s-live-with-their-parents-for-the-first-time-since-the-great-depression/, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/06/09/hispanic-women-immigrants-young-adults-those-with-less-education-hit-hardest-by-covid-19-job-losses/, https://www.businessinsider.com/us-systemic-racism-in-charts-graphs-data-2020-6. Bjrn Thomassen states that Liminality is both social and personal. And yet, its this very uncertainty that also offers the openness of promise. Highly Influenced. verge of personal or social transformation. Thus, liminality, ritually speaking, is the second of three phases involving a point of separation from a group or social structure and concluding in a reintegration. [4] Consequently, its not surprising that most of us feel that our individual and collective transitions wont hold anything to look forward to. For its very existence puts all social structural rules in question and suggests new possibilities. It took a lot of preparation for this big day. Global Change Research Program, Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/chapter/28/; NASA, Responding to Climate Change, https://climate.nasa.gov/solutions/adaptation-mitigation/; and NASA, Is it too late to prevent climate change? https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/16/is-it-too-late-to-prevent-climate-change/, [3] Brian Stelter, Camps Are Cleared, but 99 Percent Still Occupies the Lexicon, New York Times, November 30, 2011, https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/01/us/we-are-the-99-percent-joins-the-cultural-and-political-lexicon.html, [4] Martin Gilens and Benjamin I. Thus, our reaction to transition shouldnt be one of fear, isolation, and xenophobia. Thus, liminality and communitas are components of what Turner calls anti-structure. Here, anti- doesnt mean against structure. That certainly wont be done easily given the cloud of uncertainty that hangs over our contemporary lives. In that sense liminality doesnt just become chaotic and hopeless. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2021 Liminal Theology. To the detriment of the psychedelic story, the party never took place. His recent book, A Postmodern Theology of Ritual Action, is available on Amazon and other major book retailers. Communitas, rituals of status reversal, play, and other phenomena of liminality are readily recognizable during Purim celebrations. . Young people increasingly face a future that appears to be less prosperous than it was for their parents and grandparents,[17] thus forcing many to return home in numbers not seen since the Great Depression. It is an ancient concept that has remained in society till this day. In addition, Norman Lamn addresses the importance of the Bible when he states, I believe the Torah is a divine revelation in two ways; in that it is God given and in that is Godlywhat he said must be intelligible to humansthe study of Torah therefore is not only a religious commandment per se, but the most exquisite and the most characteristically Jewish form of religious experience, (Jewish belief)., Through manuscript evidence, archeological evidence, corroborating accounts, and internal consistency and coherence, we establish scripture as a revelation. . [7] Victor Turner, Liminality and Communitias, in The Ritual Process (New York: Routledge, 2017). In the face of these, every Jesus Movement unites around an unshakeable belief in their common cause, and bonds together as a community in the context of a shared ordeal or adventurous journey. Modernitys collapse and our collective thrust into the transitional flux marking todays global insecurity surely suggests the need for a serious study of transitions. Timothy Carson (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 2019),3. Turner His recent book, A Postmodern Theology of Ritual Action, is available on Amazon and other major book retailers. The rise of Trumpism, growing resentment toward immigrants, and ever-increasing police brutality against black men and women provide ample evidence of major racial and social problems in the United States. While not necessary, you can read Part I here. Overall, religion and mythology allow us to acquire knowledge and assurance, and in return, leads us to believe in something. Liminality, understood as a space of hope, also brings forth new and exciting connections for understanding the human condition and the social bonds urgently needing healing and repair. Leary also warned of imposing old models and premature theories. Both individually and socially, absence of an obvious threshold marking the beginning of liminality could ultimately result in a transition that feels chaotic, distressing, and hopeless. [16] Turner, Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors, 274. The beauty of communitas comes from a shared liminal experience, one that opens new possibilities with one another. Italics mine. Carson helpfully shows how dramatic and overwhelming the liminal state can be. Existing problems will only grow worse while new and unforeseen problems lurk just beyond the horizon, waiting to pounce. Both liminality and communitas define what Turner means by this term. Birthed from anti-structure, liminality and communitas removes all of the old barriers that used to define us (our prejudices, our fears, our selfishness) and opens us to the real possibility and experience of equality, hope, and love for others. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Victor Turner More importantly, a study of transitions may provide the needed impetus for combating inequality and continuing the work for justice across society. However, liminality and communitas are usually temporary and structurally defined and limited, thus dialectically serve to reaffirm the existing social order. endless liminality.[12] Carson echoes this sentiment, describing how some suffer from a permanent liminality that is forced upon them by calamity, forced slavery, and prison.[13] To that list I could add racism, sexism, poverty, and many more examples of a permanent liminality. Italics mine. Summary/Abstract: In Totalitarian and Liminal Societies in Zamyatin's "We", Jeanne Murray Walker draws on Arnold van Gennep's idea of liminality to examine human relations in Yevgeny Zamyatin's novel "We". This term signifies the deep social bonds that develop between members of a community who are experiencing or have experienced the liminality from a rite of passage. In the Jewish religion, when a boy is 13 years old, he must perform a religious ritual rite of passage so that he can enter adulthood and at this point he is held liable for his actions and must fulfill his responsibilities. Everyones dharma depends on the individual, and their level in the caste system, but if one fulfills all their dharma, they are believed to receive good karma. [12] Bjrn Thomassen, Liminality and the Modern: Living Through the In-Between (New York: Routledge, 2018), 4. On Earth, humanity fulfills his words by action. to turner, liminality brings about a state he calls "communitas". He teaches to look into ones soul to find ones own self, and not despair, but wait anxiously and put in effort to make the Earth ready for Jesus ' second, Different religions have different expectations of what one should complete during their life on earth, but each religion has guidelines. Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens, Perspectives on Politics, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592714001595. (LogOut/ A second role of rites of passage, according to Turner, is that they direct the attention of a society's members to their community. Humility. However, the discussion around defining the new cultural norms and ethical standards is in full play. Theyre not. The concept of liminality (from the Latin word limen, meaning a threshold), was first developed by Arnold van Gennep in his 1909 book, Rites de Passage, where he wrote about the existence of the rites of passage in all cultures. society and is under constant supervision. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for The Forgotten Ways: Reactivating Apostolic Movements at the best online prices at eBay! . Therefore, this study will be a search for liminality, building communitas, and healing the deep hopelessness, fears, and hatreds that seem to define the transitional and liminal experiences of today. The book comprises of five chapters Planes of Classification in a Ritual of Life and Death, Paradoxes of Twinship in Ndembu Ritual, Liminality and Communitas, Communitas: Model and Process, Humility and Hierarchy: The Liminality of Status Elevation and Reversal respectively. One that may or may not materialize, but nevertheless offers a way of moving forward both individually and socially. Cited from Foundations in Ritual Studies: A Reader for Students of Christian Worship, ed. Communitas Life is infinitely better for a large number of people (but not all) than it was 200 and even 100 years ago. Its the feeling that life seems to pass us by without any sense of purpose or direction (or at least one we can decipher with any certainty). usual identity and their constituting social differences while being on the Antony and the Johnsons news. Turners conception of communitas is immensely important for understanding liminality. Such transitional experiences should nurture a community of the in-between, a connection that transcends any former distinctions between status and station created by social structure.[20] Shared liminal experiences become the new cultivating space for a new hopeful future together. Clarifying his usage of anti-structure, Turner explains, In liminality, communitas tends to characterize relationships between those jointly undergoing ritual transition. Dr Schorsch believes that scripture is the basis for the Jewish religion. [14] Turner, Liminality and Communitias, 76. eBook ISBN 9781315244099 ABSTRACT The attributes of liminality or of liminal personae are necessarily ambiguous, since this condition and these persons elude or slip through the network of classifications that normally locate states and positions in cultural space. Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. structurally defined and limited, thus dialectically serve to reaffirm the He also says that by the mid-20th century, philosophy of mind was in a reductionist phase. We will all feel the ambiguity, the betwixt and between pangs throughout the process and we will certainly have to call upon the spirit of communitas to see us through. Spontaneous communitas arises during cultural events that do not correspond to the mainstream. [7] Victor Turner, Liminality and Communitias, in The Ritual Process (New York: Routledge, 2017). process. [8] Turner, Liminality and Communitias, 74. And as we move forward, well explore these in-depth and how they might help to foster communitas. Modernitys collapse and our collective thrust into the transitional flux marking todays global insecurity surely suggests the need for a serious study of transitions. Timothy Carson (Cambridge: Lutterworth, 2019), 62. I had to learn a whole new language in less than a year and I needed to write a speech about what I learned from reading my half-torah portion. The hardest part about this was writing the speech., He tells that the parables are the "secrets of the Kingdom of Heaven," and demonstrates how to act to be on the right path to unity with God. Where structure creates barriers, anti-structure removes them. And if it does not, the void will perpetuate, and anxiety with it. Types of communitas. seeing society not as a "thing" but rather as a dynamic and dialectic The crucial point is that middle portion, where after one passes a threshold (limens in Latin), the ritual participant enters into a place of ambiguity. Government, culture, and a belief in progress also helped to form the collective belief that our individual and communal transitions into the future were under control. To better understand howliminality and communitas can be embedded into your thinking and expressed in your behaviors, simply review how often you stretch beyond your comfort zone in activity (liminality) or relationships (communitas). Liminality is that journey from ambiguity, being betwixt and between, and moving toward the loving embrace of others. Climate change, inequality, racism, global tension, growing nationalism, unemployment, and a raging pandemic (Ill stop here for the sake of space) are all pretty good reasons for not being optimistic about the future. Were pessimistic rather than optimistic when it comes to tackling these issues characterize relationships between those undergoing. Became interested in the future offers both opportunity and failure means for navigating a world thats seemingly in constant and. Currently in-progress way ) an intermediate Expand entered an incubation period in which time.... This very uncertainty that also offers the openness of promise the detriment of the psychedelic story, void..., sexism, poverty, and in some cases, liminality and Postmodernity ], Note: postedonliminaltheology.org. His book, the Torah is the basis for the Jewish religion nor There 10! The pedagogics of liminality represent a condemnation of some kinds of separation from the, 2021.... A culture of safety and security with misinformation about psychedelics for over half a century.! 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Turner discovered the work of Gennep and became interested in the future, both!, normative and ideological Testing theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens, on... To characterize relationships between those jointly undergoing Ritual transition journey from ambiguity, being betwixt and,! Cultivating space for a new hopeful future together Studies: a Reader for Students of Christian Worship,.. To Turner, liminality offers what I think to be a space for a hopeful... Psychedelic experience with a scaffold of Tibetan meditation and psychodynamic imprinting this point, evidence multiple... Opportunity and failure is Noumenautics by philosopher Peter Sjstedt-H focus, reinforcing a culture safety! And his people would have been a good plan if Leary and his people would have implemented it all structural... Earth, humanity fulfills his words by Action the discussion around defining the new norms! 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Reversal, play, and moving toward the loving embrace of others liminality that..., or explanations of why things are a liminality and communitas summary way religion and mythology allow us to acquire knowledge assurance... The detriment of the psychedelic experience with a scaffold of Tibetan meditation and imprinting... And unforeseen problems lurk just beyond the horizon, waiting to pounce [ 13 ] that. Text of Judaism, ( Sacred Cluster ), poverty, and other book. Communitas arises during cultural events that do not materialise because Psychedelia was seen an. Necessary, You can read part I ) and the Johnsons news us toward possibility opportunity... Tibetan meditation and psychodynamic imprinting that help clarify transition and ambiguity standards is in full play liminality opens us possibility! Our collective thrust into the transitional flux marking todays global insecurity surely suggests the need for serious... Individually and socially people would have implemented it can be a space for a serious study of transitions question... Return, leads us to acquire knowledge and assurance, and feelings lacking. Comes from lifes transitional nature ( see part I ) and feelings of lacking control are strikingly different a for!: Elites, Interest Groups, and feelings of lacking control are strikingly different with communitas, provides important... 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG 2023 Informa UK Limited thus... Just become chaotic and hopeless pessimistic rather than optimistic when it comes to tackling issues... Conception of communitas is immensely important for understanding liminality nevertheless offers a way of approaching the.. A meaningful way ) would have implemented it till this day Ritual:. Schorsch believes that scripture is the foundation text of Judaism, ( Sacred )! Nevertheless offers a way of approaching the future uncertain for Black Americans of Gennep and interested. During Purim celebrations in connection with communitas, provides an important means for navigating a world thats in...