Holocaust, Hebrew Shoah ("Catastrophe"), Yiddish and Hebrew urban ("Destruction"), the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. While the Holocaust concerned the persecution of German Jews by the Nazi regime from 1933, this group only account for about 5% of the victims, with most being in eastern Europe, he said. Nazi ideology viewed ethnic Polesthe mainly Catholic ethnic majority of Polandas subhuman. It shows that the Nazis made bigger progress into infiltrating North America than was originally thought. While the term Holocaust generally refers to the systematic mass-murder of the Jewish people in German-occupied Europe, the Nazis also murdered a large number of non-Jewish people who were also considered subhuman (Untermenschen) or undesirable. All figures are estimates and subject to change with the discovery of new documentation. The finding is based on an . For specified groups like the Jews, genocide was the Nazis' primary goal. Publishers undertake to indicate the authors and origin of the images: www.auschwitz.org, as well as to inform the Museum of the use of the images (press@auschwitz.org). Got a news tip or want to contact us directly? The coincidence enabled Freemasons to wear the forget-me-not badge as a secret sign of Masonic membership. Hundreds of members of the Azerbaijani Diaspora gathered on Sunday outside . Captured by the Gestapo in 1943, Sendlerowa was crippled by torture. Between the years of 1939 and 1945, the Holocaust claimed millions of lives, with most taken in death camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau in Nazi-occupied Poland. Poka menu niszego poziomu dla The International Auschwitz Council, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Historical collection, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Auschwitz sub-camps, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Evacuation, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Education, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Educational projects, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Conferences, Poka menu niszego poziomu dla Exhibitions, Leben? Documentary sources", " Weekly - . who exiled half of the Jewish people. Sources: U.S. On November 9, 1938, during the Kristallnacht pogrom. Jewish population in 1937: approximately 200Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Austria in 1938: 185,026 Deaths: 65,459, Jewish population of Belgium in 1939: 90,000 Deaths: 24,387, Jewish population of Bulgaria in 1937: 50,000Deaths: unknown, Jewish population of Czechoslovakia in 1921: 354,000 Deaths: 260,000, SudetenlandJewish population in 1939: 2,363Deaths: at least 360, Bohemia-Moravia Jewish population in 1930: 117,551Deaths: 77,297, SlovakiaJewish population in 1940: 88,951 Deaths: approximately 60,000, Hungarian-occupied Southern Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus Jewish population in 1939: 142,000148,000Deaths: 114,000120,000, Jewish population of Denmark in 1937: 7,500Deaths: 52116, Jewish population of Estonia in 1937: 4,500Deaths: 963, Jewish population of France in 1937: 300,000330,000Deaths: 72,90074,000, Jewish population of Germany in 1939: 237,723 Deaths: 165,200, Jewish population of Greece in 1941: 71,611Deaths: 58,80065,000, Jewish population of Hungary in 1937: 490,621Deaths: 297,621, Hungary (borders of 1941) Jewish population: 825,007 Deaths: 564,507, Jewish population of Italy in 1938: 58,412 Jewish population in German-occupied Italy: approximately 43,000Deaths: 7,858, Jewish population of Latvia in 1939: 93,479Deaths: 70,000, Jewish population of Lithuania in 1937: 153,000Deaths: 130,000, Jewish population of Luxembourg in May 1940: 3,5005,000Deaths: 1,200, Jewish population of the Netherlands in May 1940: 140,245 Deaths: 102,000, Jewish population of Norway in April 1940: approximately 1,800Deaths: at least 758, Jewish population of Poland in 1937: 3,350,000Deaths: 2,770,0003,000,000, Jewish population of Romania in 1930: 756,930 Deaths: 211,214260,000, Hungarian-occupied Northern Transylvania Deaths: 90,295, Bessarabia and BukovinaJewish population in 1930: 314,000 Jewish population in 1941: 185,000 Deaths: 103,919130,000, Jewish population of the Soviet Union in 1939: 3,028,538 Deaths: approximately 1,340,000, Jewish population of Yugoslavia in 1941: 82,242 Deaths: 67,228, Slovenia (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 1,500 Deaths: 1,300, Serbia with Banat and Sandak (German-occupied)Jewish population in 1937: 17,200Deaths 15,060, Macedonia (Bulgarian-occupied) Jewish population in 1941: 7,762Deaths: 6,982, Pirot, Serbia (Bulgarian-occupied)Deaths: 140, Albanian-annexed KosovoJewish population in 1937: 550 Deaths: 210, Croatia with Dalmatia and Bosnia-HerzegovinaJewish population in 1937: 39,400Deaths: 30,148, Montenegro (German-occupied) Jewish population in 1937: 30 Deaths: 28, Backa and Baranja (Hungarian-annexed)Jewish population in 1937: 16,000Deaths: 13,500. The Nazis committed mass murder of Roma women at Auschwitz concentration camp, murdered females with disabilities in the T-4 and other euthanasia operations, and slaughtered women along with men as so-called partisans in many Soviet villages in 1943-1944. According to the Nazis, "inferior races" produced more children than Aryans, so anything which diminished Germany's reproductive potential was considered a racial danger. In his political testament Hitler wrote: I have never regarded the Chinese or the Japanese as being inferior to ourselves. Collections. Hans-Walter Schmuhl. During Operation Barbarossa (the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union), millions of Red Army prisoners of war were summarily executed in the field by German armies (the Waffen SS in particular), died under inhumane conditions in German prisoner of war camps, on death marches, or had been shipped to concentration camps for execution. Hundreds of thousands of Roman Catholic and Orthodox Poles were sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau and other concentration camps, and the intelligentsia were the first targets of the Einsatzgruppen death squads. [112] The badge is worn on the lapels of Masons worldwide in remembrance of those who have suffered in the name of Freemasonry, particularly during the Nazi era.[112]. [106], The Nazis claimed that high-degree Masons were willing members of "the Jewish conspiracy" and Freemasonry was a cause of Germany's defeat in World War I. Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt, or RSHA) records indicate the persecution of Freemasons during the Holocaust. Many other minority groups also died during this period including up to 250,000 disabled people, around 220,000 Romani and hundreds of homosexuals. Many were Roma, LGBTQ and other " undesirables". 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The game is still in early access, and an educational mode will be available at full launch for use in classrooms. [95] One Catholic abducted in this manner was nun Edith Stein, who was murdered at Auschwitz along with Poland's Maximilian Kolbe. Edelheit, Abraham. Nazi persecution escalated during World War II and included: non-judicial incarceration, confiscation of property, forced labor, sexual slavery, death through overwork, human experimentation, undernourishment, and execution through a variety of methods. The Nazis also targeted religious groups for political and ideological reasons. The invasion of Poland in 1939 began the devastation that has since come to be known, with more than 42,000 camps and detention sites being set up. [66] Gay men in Nazi concentration camps were identified by a pink triangle on their shirts, along with men convicted of sexually assaulting children and bestiality. Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, March 27, 2019, Washington, DC. [78] He also wrote that Hitler "inveighed against political Catholicism in Mein Kampf and attacked both of the Christian Churches for their failure to recognise the racial problem". He is known as "the poet of the Holocaust.". )", 'Chronicles of Terror' testimony database, List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust, Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_victims&oldid=1140676381, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017, Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ian Kershaw; Hitler a Biography; 2008 Edn; WW Norton & Company; London p661, Stills from Soviet documentary "The Atrocities committed by German Fascists in the USSR" (, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 05:57. Christopher R. Browning papers. About 15 thousand Soviet POWs and 10 to 15 thousand prisoners of other ethnic backgrounds (including Czechs, Byelorussians, Yugoslavians, French, Germans, and Austrians) also died there. [46], Soviet civilian populations in the occupied areas were severely persecuted and endured the treacherous conditions of the Eastern Front, which spawned atrocities such as the siege of Leningrad, when 1.2 million civilians died. Jews Killed During the Holocaust by Country. Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy on 27 September 1940, and was part of the Axis. The millions disappeared into a Nazi imprisonment and killing. The best estimates for Jewish losses country by country are offered below. (2005). The Slavs were one of the most widely persecuted groups during the war, with many Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, Slovenes, Serbs and others killed by the Nazis. 28 million Americans blame Jews for the Holocaust. The names of more than one million victims remain unknown and are still being collected.[32]. A range of methods were used, with many dying in gas chambers, firing squads or starvation. Of the roughly 320,000 Jews established in France at the start of the war, an estimated 74,150 - most of them foreign nationals - were deported by Nazi Germany with the complicity of its allies. [48] The deaths of 8.2 million Soviet civilians, including Jews, were documented by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission.[49]. An estimated three million people also died of starvation in unoccupied territory. Hitler and the Nazis also despised German leftists because of their resistance to Nazi racism. The Catholic Church was persecuted under the Third Reich,[76] with the Nazi leadership hoping to gradually de-Christianize Germany. but they openly deny the Holocaust to ridicule Israel and the Jewish people . [28] Although reports of the Holocaust had reached Western leaders, public awareness in the United States and other democracies of the mass murder of Jews in Poland was low at the time; the first references in The New York Times, in 1942, were unconfirmed reports rather than front-page news. In view of the role that it played in the realization of the Nazi extermination plans, Auschwitz is known around the world as a symbol of Nazi genocide, and especially of the destruction of the Jews. Dawidowicz, Lucy S. "The War Against the Jews: 1933-1945." There were early warning signs of this atrocity, when constitutions like the Nuremberg Laws were passed shortly after Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany in 1933. When the Nazis occupied a territory, communists, socialists and anarchists were usually among the first to be repressed; this included summary executions. ", "The Treatment of Soviet POWs: Starvation, Disease, and Shootings, June 1941 January 1942", "True Romanies and the Holocaust: A Re-evaluation and an overview", "Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich", "Poignant Documentary Recalls Nazis' Gay Victims", "Homocaust: Remembering the gay victims of the Holocaust", "Ein Konzentrationslager fr politische Gefangene In der Nhe von Dachau", "The Response of the German Catholic Church to National Socialism", "Word for Word/The Case Against the Nazis; How Hitler's Forces Planned To Destroy German Christianity", Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs, "World War II Documents showing the persecution of Freemasonry", "Das Vergimeinnicht-Abzeichen und die Freimaurerei, Die wahre Geschichte", "The Blue Forget-Me-Not: Another Side Of The Story", "Holocaust Timeline: Nazis Open Dachau Concentration Camp", "Acevedo: WW II vet held in Nazi slave camp breaks silence", "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and Overview", Non-Jewish Victims of Persecution in Nazi Germany, The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names, "Nazi Crimes in the USSR (Graphic images! The losses occurred within the 19461991 borders of the USSR, and include territories annexed in 193940. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library, Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust & Nazi Persecution, Bormann Relays Hitler Order Banning Reference to Final Solution (1943), Eichmann on Deportations from Western Europe, Exchange of Letters Concerning the "Final Solution", Himmler Orders Completion of the Final Solution, Himmler Reports on Executions in the East, Hitler Bans Public Reference to The Final Solution, Revelations on the Extermination of the Jews, 1998 - 2023 American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Survivors were subject to prosecution under Paragraph 175 (which forbade "lewdness between men"), with time served in the concentration camps deducted from their sentences. In January 1942, during the Wannsee Conference, several Nazi leaders discussed the details of the "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" (Endlsung der Judenfrage) and German State Secretary Josef Bhler urged conference chairman Reinhard Heydrich to proceed with the Final Solution in the General Government. One out of five said they werent sure. It is believed that around 5.9 million Jews were killed or died during the Holocaust, making up around a two-thirds of all of those in Europe. . . The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. The Nazis forced Jews out of their homes, crowded them into ghettos, and then deported them to either a concentration or a death camp. The two institutions also divided the occupied areas slightly differently. MORE : Pictures from Auschwitz show haunting human reality of Holocaust. Pages 128-9. In 1933 there were well over 500,000 Jews in Germany but by October 1941, when Jewish emigration was officially forbidden, the number of Jews in Germany had declined to a number as low as 163,000 . 2829, Richard J. Evans; The Third Reich at War; Penguin Press New York; 2009; p.3334. [51] (Bundesarchiv/Wikimedia Commons) Jewish women and children arriving at Auschwitz in 1944. [94] When Archbishop Johannes de Jong refused to yield to Nazi threats, the Gestapo rounded up Catholic "Jews" and sent 92 to Auschwitz. Notice that Poland by far lost the largest number (three million), with the Soviet Union having lost the second most (one million). [114][115] The "KLB Club" was a group of 168 Allied airmen mainly American, British, and Canadian considered Terrorfliegers ("terror fliers"), denied POW status, and held at Buchenwald for two months until a German officer arranged their transfer to a standard POW camp, a week before their scheduled execution. [29] Denmark evacuated nearly all of its Jews to nearby neutral Sweden; the Danish resistance movement, with the assistance of many Danish citizens, evacuated 7,220 of the country's 7,800 Jews by sea to Sweden,[30] in vessels ranging from fishing boats to private yachts. The population data ranges from 1937-1941 so, for example, the countries where the figures came from 1937 may not accurately reflect the number of Jews at the time the war began. Holocaust Memorial Museum. We also dont know the precise number of Jews in any of these areas. "Encyclopedia of the Holocaust." or that's how it's supposed to work, anyway. The "Holocaust by Bullets" in Ukraine. The Holocaust was the period between 1933 and 1945 when Nazi Germany systematically persecuted and murdered millions of Jews and other innocent people. These are the numbers according to the latest investigations by The U.S. Museum of the Holocaust. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. on February 28, 2023 at 8:33AM PST. By 1945, most European Jewstwo out of every threehad been killed. (Some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks). [108], Small blue forget-me-nots were first used by the Zur Sonne Grand Lodge in 1926 as a Masonic emblem at its annual convention in Bremen. After their 1939 invasion of Poland, the Nazis instituted a policy of murdering (or suppressing) the ethnic-Polish elite (including Catholic religious leaders). TheNuremberg trialswent ahead to prosecute prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership ofNazi Germany who had been behind the shocking persecution. Viennese Gauleiter Odilo Globocnik confiscated property, closed Catholic organizations and sent many priests to Dachau. [113][bettersourceneeded]. According to historians Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, the genocide of the Romani began later than that of the Jews and a smaller percentage was murdered. While scholars are still researching the scale of the Holocaust in Ukraine, they estimate at least one and a half million Jews were killed there. In December 1941 the murder of the Jews from the Lodz ghetto began in Chelmno with gas vans. The followingfigures are estimatesbased on census reports, captured German and Axis archived records, and postwar investigations. "[101] Among the clergy who were murdered at Dachau were many of the 108 Polish Martyrs of World War II. A quarter also said they had been to a Holocaust museum or memorial at some point in their life. The SS and police conducted mass actions against civilians with alleged links to resistance movements, their families, and villages or city districts. The products discussed here were independently chosen by our editors. An estimated one-quarter of Soviet civilian deaths at the hands of the Nazis and their allies (five million Russians, three million Ukrainians and 1.5 million Belarusians) were racially motivated. Estimates of the Romani death toll in World War II range from 220,000 to 1,500,000. The atrocity largely took place between 1941 and 1945, but the initial persecution started in 1933. The Holocaust. Early in the war, millions of Jews were concentrated in urban ghettos. We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. Historians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. 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